11. Referanser

Abraham, N. S., Barkun, J. S., & Barkun, A. N. (2002). Palliation of malignant biliary obstruction: a prospective trial examining impact on quality of life. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 56(6), 835-841. 

Advance care plan: personal preferences and choises of end of life care. (2010). London: St. Christophers Hospice. 

Agra, Y., Sacristan, A., Gonzalez, M., Ferrari, M., Portugues, A., & Calvo, M. J. (1998). Efficacy of senna versus lactulose in terminal cancer patients treated with opioids. Journal of pain and symptom management, 15(1), 1-7. 

Ahmedzai, S. H., & Boland, J. (2010). Constipation in people prescribed opioids. BMJ clinical evidence, 2010.

Allard, P., Lamontagne, C., Bernard, P., & Tremblay, C. (1999). How effective are supplementary doses of opioids for dyspnea in terminally ill cancer patients? A randomized continuous sequential clinical trial. Journal of pain and symptom management, 17(4), 256-265.

Anandarajah, G., & Hight, E. (2001). Spirituality and medical practice: Using the HOPE questions as a practical tool for spiritual assessment. 63(1), 81-89.

Andersen, B. L., DeRubeis, R. J., Berman, B. S., Gruman, J., Champion, V. L., Massie, M. J., . . . Rowland, J. H. (2014). Screening, assessment, and care of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: an American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline adaptation. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 32(15), 1605-1619. 

& Davis, M. P. (2010). Nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 27(3), 219-225. 

Arcidiacono, P. G., Calori, G., Carrara, S., McNicol, E. D., & Testoni, P. A. (2011). Celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3), CD007519. 

Arends, J. (2018). Struggling with nutrition in patients with advanced cancer: nutrition and nourishment-focusing on metabolism and supportive care. 29, ii27-ii34. 

Arends, J., Bachmann, P., Baracos, V., Barthelemy, N., Bertz, H., Bozzetti, F., . . . Preiser, J. C. (2017). ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 36(1), 11-48. 

Arends, J., Bodoky, G., Bozzetti, F., Fearon, K., Muscaritoli, M., Selga, G., . . . Zander, A. (2006). ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: Non-surgical oncology. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 25(2), 245-259. 

Artifon, E. L., Sakai, P., Cunha, J. E., Dupont, A., Filho, F. M., Hondo, F. Y., . . . Raju, G. S. (2006). Surgery or endoscopy for palliation of biliary obstruction due to metastatic pancreatic cancer. The American journal of gastroenterology, 101(9), 2031-2037. 

Baile, W. F., Buckman, R., Lenzi, R., Glober, G., Beale, E. A., & Kudelka, A. P. (2000). SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer. The oncologist, 5(4), 302-311.

Balboni, M. J., Sullivan, A., Amobi, A., Phelps, A. C., Gorman, D. P., Zollfrank, A., . . . Balboni, T. A. (2013). Why is spiritual care infrequent at the end of life? Spiritual care perceptions among patients, nurses, and physicians and the role of training. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 31(4), 461-467.

Baracos, V. E. (2006). Cancer-associated cachexia and underlying biological mechanisms. Annual review of nutrition, 26, 435-461. 

Bell, R. Retningslinjer for smertelindring. Oslo: Den norske legeforening.

Bell, R. F., Eccleston, C., & Kalso, E. A. (2017). Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 6, CD003351. 

Bentley, A., & Boyd, K. (2001). Use of clinical pictures in the management of nausea and vomiting: a prospective audit. Palliative medicine, 15(3), 247-253. 

Blaber, M., Jone, J., & Willis, D. (2015). Spiritual care: which is the best assessment tool for palliative settings? International journal of palliative nursing, 21(9), 430-438. 

Booth, S., & Wade, R. (2003). Oxygen or air for palliation of breathlessness in advanced cancer. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96(5), 215-218.

Booth, S., Wade, R., Johnson, M., Kite, S., Swannick, M., & Anderson, H. (2004). The use of oxygen in the palliation of breathlessness. A report of the expert working group of the Scientific Committee of the Association of Palliative Medicine. Respiratory medicine, 98(1), 66-77.

Bozzetti, F., Amadori, D., Bruera, E., Cozzaglio, L., Corli, O., Filiberti, A., . . . Trompino, G. (1996). Guidelines on artificial nutrition versus hydration in terminal cancer patients. European Association for Palliative Care. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 12(3), 163-167.

Brown, S., North, D., Marvel, M. K., & Fons, R. (1992). Acupressure wrist bands to relieve nausea and vomiting in hospice patients: do they work? The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 9(4), 26-29. 

Bruera, E., Seifert, L., Watanabe, S., Babul, N., Darke, A., Harsanyi, Z., & Suarez-Almazor, M. (1996). Chronic nausea in advanced cancer patients: a retrospective assessment of a metoclopramide-based antiemetic regimen. Journal of pain and symptom management, 11(3), 147-153.

Braam, P., Lambin, P., & Bussink, J. (2016). Stereotactic versus conventional radiotherapy for pain reduction and quality of life in spinal metastases: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 61

Bush, S. H., Lawlor, P. G., Ryan, K., Centeno, C., Lucchesi, M., Kanji, S., . . . Committee, E. G. (2018). Delirium in adult cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 29(Supplement_4), iv143-iv165.

Bye, A., Jordhoy, M. S., Skjegstad, G., Ledsaak, O., Iversen, P. O., & Hjermstad, M. J. (2013). Symptoms in advanced pancreatic cancer are of importance for energy intake. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 21(1), 219-227. 

Campagnutta, E., & Cannizzaro, R. (2000). Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in palliative treatment of non-operable intestinal obstruction due to gynecologic cancer: a review. European journal of gynaecological oncology, 21(4), 397-402.

Candy, B., Jones, L., Goodman, M. L., Drake, R., & Tookman, A. (2011). Laxatives or methylnaltrexone for the management of constipation in palliative care patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), CD003448. 

Caraceni, A., Hanks, G., Kaasa, S., Bennett, M. I., Brunelli, C., Cherny, N., . . . Zeppetella, G. (2012). Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC. The Lancet. Oncology, 13(2), e58-68. 

Caraceni, A., Pigni, A., & Brunelli, C. (2011). Is oral morphine still the first choice opioid for moderate to severe cancer pain? A systematic review within the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative guidelines project. Palliative medicine, 25(5), 402-409. 

Cederholm, T., Barazzoni, R., Austin, P., Ballmer, P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S. C., . . . Singer, P. (2017). ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 36(1), 49-64. 

Cheng, D. S., Seitz, C. B., & Eyre, H. J. (1980). Nonoperative management of femoral, humeral, and acetabular metastases in patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer, 45(7), 1533-1537.

Cherny, N. I. (2015). Oxford textbook of palliative medicine (5. utg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chiu, N., Chiu, L., Popovic, M., DeAngelis, C., Lutz, S., Zhang, N., . . . Chow, E. (2015). Re-irradiation for painful bone metastases: evidence-based approach. Annals of palliative medicine, 4(4), 214-219. 

Chow, E., Harris, K., Fan, G., Tsao, M., & Sze, W. M. (2007). Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases: a systematic review. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 25(11), 1423-1436. 

Chow, E., Hoskin, P., Mitera, G., Zeng, L., Lutz, S., Roos, D., . . . Kumar, E. (2012). Update of the international consensus on palliative radiotherapy endpoints for future clinical trials in bone metastases. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 82(5), 1730-1737. 

Chow, E., van der Linden, Y. M., Roos, D., Hartsell, W. F., Hoskin, P., Wu, J. S., . . . Wong, R. K. (2014). Single versus multiple fractions of repeat radiation for painful bone metastases: a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet. Oncology, 15(2), 164-171.

Chow, R., Hoskin, P., Hollenberg, D., Lam, M., Dennis, K., Lutz, S., . . . Chow, E. (2017). Efficacy of single fraction conventional radiation therapy for painful uncomplicated bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of palliative medicine, 6(2), 125-142. 

Clark, A. J., Ahmedzai, S. H., Allan, L. G., Camacho, F., Horbay, G. L., Richarz, U., & Simpson, K. (2004). Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine in patients with cancer and chronic non-cancer pain. Current medical research and opinion, 20(9), 1419-1428.

Clark, D. (2007). From margins to centre: a review of the history of palliative care in cancer. The Lancet. Oncology, 8(5), 430-438. 

Clark, K., & Currow, D. C. (2012). Assessing constipation in palliative care within a gastroenterology framework. Palliative medicine, 26(6), 834-841. 

Clark, K., Lam, L. T., Agar, M., Chye, R., & Currow, D. C. (2010). The impact of opioids, anticholinergic medications and disease progression on the prescription of laxatives in hospitalized palliative care patients: a retrospective analysis. Palliative medicine, 24(4), 410-418. 

Cobb, M., Puchalski, C. M., & Rumbold, B. (2012). Oxford textbook of spirituality in healthcare. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cohen, A. J., Menter, A., & Hale, L. (2005). Acupuncture: role in comprehensive cancer care--a primer for the oncologist and review of the literature. Integrative cancer therapies, 4(2), 131-143.

Cohen, S. R., & Leis, A. (2002). What determines the quality of life of terminally ill cancer patients from their own perspective? Journal of palliative care, 18(1), 48-58.

Connor, S., Barron, E., Redhead, D. N., Ireland, H., Madhavan, K. K., Parks, R. W., & Garden, O. J. (2007). Palliation for suspected unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology, 33(3), 341-345. 

Cook, A. M., Lau, T. N., Tomlinson, M. J., Vaidya, M., Wakeley, C. J., & Goddard, P. (1998). Magnetic resonance imaging of the whole spine in suspected malignant spinal cord compression: impact on management. Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 10(1), 39-43.

Cranston, J. M., Crockett, A., & Currow, D. (2008). Oxygen therapy for dyspnoea in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3), CD004769. 

Danielsen, B. V., Sand, A. M., Rosland, J. H., & Førland, O. (2018). Experiences and challenges of home care nurses and general practitioners in home-based palliative care – a qualitative study. BMC palliative care, 17(1), 95. 

Davis, M. P., & Hallerberg, G. (2010). A systematic review of the treatment of nausea and/or vomiting in cancer unrelated to chemotherapy or radiation. Journal of pain and symptom management, 39(4), 756-767.

De Graeff, A., & Krol, R. J. A. Constipation: Nation-wide guideline. Version 2.0. Nederland: Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland. 

Dean, M. (2004). Opioids in renal failure and dialysis patients. Journal of pain and symptom management, 28(5), 497-504. 

Deandrea, S., Corli, O., Moschetti, I., & Apolone, G. (2009). Managing severe cancer pain: the role of transdermal buprenorphine: a systematic review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 5(5), 707-718.

Deandrea, S., Montanari, M., Moja, L., & Apolone, G. (2008). Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 19(12), 1985-1991. 

Del Fabbro, E., Hui, D., Dalal, S., Dev, R., Nooruddin, Z. I., & Bruera, E. (2011). Clinical outcomes and contributors to weight loss in a cancer cachexia clinic. Journal of palliative medicine, 14(9), 1004-1008

Detmar, S. B., Muller, M. J., Wever, L. D., Schornagel, J. H., & Aaronson, N. K. (2001). The patient-physician relationship. Patient-physician communication during outpatient palliative treatment visits: an observational study. Jama, 285(10), 1351-1357.

Detsky, A. S., McLaughlin, J. R., Baker, J. P., Johnston, N., Whittaker, S., Mendelson, R. A., & Jeejeebhoy, K. N. (1987). What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 11(1), 8-13. 

Dev, R., Dalal, S., & Bruera, E. (2012). Is there a role for parenteral nutrition or hydration at the end of life? Current opinion in supportive and palliative care, 6(3), 365-370. 

DeVita, V. T., Rosenberg, S. A., & Hellman, S. (2005). Cancer : principles & practice of oncology (7. utg.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Dine ønsker for livets siste tid - forberedende samtaler. (2018). [Fagprosedyre under publisering 2018]. Oslo: Oslo Universitetssykehus. 

Dittus, K. L., Gramling, R. E., & Ades, P. A. (2017). Exercise interventions for individuals with advanced cancer: A systematic review. Preventive medicine, 104, 124-132. 

Doyle, D., & Hanks, G. W. C. (2010). Oxford textbook of palliative medicine (4. utg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Droney, J., Ross, J., Gretton, S., Welsh, K., Sato, H., & Riley, J. (2008). Constipation in cancer patients on morphine. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 16(5), 453-459. 

Dy, S. M., & Apostol, C. C. (2010). Evidence-based approaches to other symptoms in advanced cancer. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.), 16(5), 507-513. 

EAPC Task Force on Spiritual Care in Palliative Care. [Nettdokument]. Belgia: European Association of Palliative Care. 

Edelstyn, G. A., Gillespie, P. J., & Grebbell, F. S. (1967). The radiological demonstration of osseous metastases. Experimental observations. Clinical radiology, 18(2), 158-162.

Ellershaw, J., & Wilkinson, S. (2003). Care of the dying: a pathway to excellence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ellershaw, J., & Wilkinson, S. (2011). Care of the dying: a pathway to excellence (2. utg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Emanuel, E. J., Fairclough, D. L., Wolfe, P., & Emanuel, L. L. (2004). Talking with terminally ill patients and their caregivers about death, dying, and bereavement: is it stressful? Is it helpful? Archives of internal medicine, 164(18), 1999-2004. 

Ernst, E. (2009). Massage therapy for cancer palliation and supportive care: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 17(4), 333-337. 

Escalante, C. P., Martin, C. G., Elting, L. S., Price, K. J., Manzullo, E. F., Weiser, M. A., . . . Rubenstein, E. B. (2000). Identifying risk factors for imminent death in cancer patients with acute dyspnea. Journal of pain and symptom management, 20(5), 318-325.

Espat, N. J., Brennan, M. F., & Conlon, K. C. (1999). Patients with laparoscopically staged unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma do not require subsequent surgical biliary or gastric bypass. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 188(6), 649-655; discussion 655-647.

Eustace, S., Tello, R., DeCarvalho, V., Carey, J., Wroblicka, J. T., Melhem, E. R., & Yucel, E. K. (1997). A comparison of whole-body turboSTIR MR imaging and planar 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy in the examination of patients with suspected skeletal metastases. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 169(6), 1655-1661.

Evangelista, C. B., Lopes, M. E., Costa, S. F., Batista, P. S., Batista, J. B., & Oliveira, A. M. (2016). Palliative care and spirituality: an integrative literature review. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 69(3), 591-601.

Fairchild, A., Barnes, E., Ghosh, S., Ben-Josef, E., Roos, D., Hartsell, W., . . . Chow, E. (2009). International patterns of practice in palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases: evidence-based practice? International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 75(5), 1501-1510.

Fallon, M., Giusti, R., Aielli, F., Hoskin, P., Rolke, R., Sharma, M., & Ripamonti, C. I. (2018). Management of cancer pain in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 29(Supplement_4), iv166-iv191.

Fallowfield, L. (2010). Communication with the patient and family in palliative medicine. I: G. Hanks (red.), Oxford textbook of palliative medicine (4. utg., s. 333-341). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fallowfield, L., & Jenkins, V. (1999). Effective communication skills are the key to good cancer care. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 35(11), 1592-1597.

Fallowfield, L., & Jenkins, V. (2004). Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet (London, England), 363(9405), 312-319. 

Fayers, P. M., Hjermstad, M. J., Ranhoff, A. H., Kaasa, S., Skogstad, L., Klepstad, P., & Loge, J. H. (2005). Which mini-mental state exam items can be used to screen for delirium and cognitive impairment? Journal of pain and symptom management, 30(1), 41-50. 

Fearon, K., Strasser, F., Anker, S. D., Bosaeus, I., Bruera, E., Fainsinger, R. L., . . . Baracos, V. E. (2011). Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. The Lancet. Oncology, 12(5), 489-495. 

Fearon, K. C. (2008). Cancer cachexia: developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 44(8), 1124-1132. 

Fearon, K. C. H., Glass, D. J., & Guttridge, D. C. (2012). Cancer cachexia: mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell Metabolism, 16(2), 153-166. 

Ferdige fagprosedyrer: barn og unge. (2018). [Nettside]. Oslo: Helsebiblioteket.no. 

Ferrell, B. R., Temel, J. S., Temin, S., & Smith, T. J. (2017). Integration of palliative care Into standard oncology care: ASCO clinical practice guideline update summary. Journal of oncology practice, 13(2), 119-121.

Follwell, M., Burman, D., Le, L. W., Wakimoto, K., Seccareccia, D., Bryson, J., . . . Zimmermann, C. (2009). Phase II study of an outpatient palliative care intervention in patients with metastatic cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 27(2), 206-213.

Fong, D. Y., Ho, J. W., Hui, B. P., Lee, A. M., Macfarlane, D. J., Leung, S. S., . . . Cheng, K. K. (2012). Physical activity for cancer survivors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 344, e70.

Ford, J. A., Jones, R., Elders, A., Mulatero, C., Royle, P., Sharma, P., . . . Mowatt, G. (2013). Denosumab for treatment of bone metastases secondary to solid tumours: systematic review and network meta-analysis. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 49(2), 416-430. 

Forskrift om helseforetaksfinansierte reseptlegemidler til bruk utenfor sykehus. FOR-2015-06-12-646. 

Forskrift om individuell plan etter helselovgivningen og sosialtjenesteloven. FOR-2004-12-23-1837. 

Forskrift om pasienters, ledsageres og pårørendes rett til dekning av utgifter ved reise til helsetjenester (pasientreiseforskriften). FOR-2015-06-25-793.

Forskrift om stønad til dekning av utgifter til viktige legemidler mv. (blåreseptforskriften). FOR-2007-06-28-814. 

Foubert, J., & Vaessen, G. (2005). Nausea: the neglected symptom? European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 9(1), 21-32. 

Frantzen, T. (2016). Fysioterapi i palliativ fase. I: I. L. Nesvold, T.-L. Frantzen, & K. L. Tagholdt (red.), Fysioterapi til kreftpasienter (s. 64-72). Oslo: Norsk Fysioterapeutforbund, faggruppen for onkologi og lymfologi.

Fredheim, O. M., Kaasa, S., Dale, O., Klepstad, P., Landro, N. I., & Borchgrevink, P. C. (2006). Opioid switching from oral slow release morphine to oral methadone may improve pain control in chronic non-malignant pain: a nine-month follow-up study. Palliative medicine, 20(1), 35-41.

Freedman, M. D., Schwartz, H. J., Roby, R., & Fleisher, S. (1997). Tolerance and efficacy of polyethylene glycol 3350/electrolyte solution versus lactulose in relieving opiate induced constipation: a double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 37(10), 904-907.

Friis, P., & Forde, R. (2015). Advance care planning discussions with geriatric patients. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 135(3), 233-235.

Friis, P., & Forde, R. (2017). Forhåndssamtaler = Advance care planning. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 137(6), 462.

Galasko, C. S. (1969). The detection of skeletal metastases from mammary cancer by gamma camera scintigraphy. The British journal of surgery, 56(10), 757-764.

Galvao, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2005). Review of exercise intervention studies in cancer patients. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 23(4), 899-909.

George, R., Jeba, J., Ramkumar, G., Chacko, A. G., Leng, M., & Tharyan, P. (2008). Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4), CD006716.

George, R., Jeba, J., Ramkumar, G., Chacko, A. G., & Tharyan, P. (2015). Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (9), CD006716.

Glare, P., Miller, J., Nikolova, T., & Tickoo, R. (2011). Treating nausea and vomiting in palliative care: a review. Clinical interventions in aging, 6, 243-259.

Glare, P., Pereira, G., Kristjanson, L. J., Stockler, M., & Tattersall, M. (2004). Systematic review of the efficacy of antiemetics in the treatment of nausea in patients with far-advanced cancer. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 12(6), 432-440.

Glare, P. A., Dunwoodie, D., Clark, K., Ward, A., Yates, P., Ryan, S., & Hardy, J. R. (2008). Treatment of nausea and vomiting in terminally ill cancer patients. Drugs, 68(18), 2575-2590.

Gomes, B., Calanzani, N., Gysels, M., Hall, S., & Higginson, I. J. (2013). Heterogeneity and changes in preferences for dying at home: a systematic review. BMC palliative care, 12, 7. 

Goudas, L. C., Bloch, R., Gialeli-Goudas, M., Lau, J., & Carr, D. B. (2005). The epidemiology of cancer pain. Cancer investigation, 23(2), 182-190.

Gouma, D. J., Busch, O. R., & Van Gulik, T. M. (2006). Pancreatic carcinoma: palliative surgical and endoscopic treatment. HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association, 8(5), 369-376.

Grande, G. E., Austin, L., Ewing, G., O'Leary, N., & Roberts, C. (2017). Assessing the impact of a Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) intervention in palliative home care: a stepped wedge cluster trial. BMJ supportive & palliative care, 7(3), 326-334. 

Guckenberger, M., Mantel, F., Gerszten, P. C., Flickinger, J. C., Sahgal, A., Letourneau, D., . . . Kersh, R. (2014). Safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy as primary treatment for vertebral metastases: a multi-institutional analysis. Radiation oncology (London, England), 9, 226

Gulde, I., Oldervoll, L. M., & Martin, C. (2011). Palliative cancer patients' experience of physical activity. Journal of palliative care, 27(4), 296-302.

Hagen, N. A., Stiles, C., Nekolaichuk, C., Biondo, P., Carlson, L. E., Fisher, K., & Fainsinger, R. (2008). The Alberta Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool for cancer patients: a validation study using a delphi process and patient think-aloud interviews. Journal of pain and symptom management, 35(2), 136-152.

Hansen, M. S., Mathiesen, O., Trautner, S., & Dahl, J. B. (2012). Intranasal fentanyl in the treatment of acute pain--a systematic review. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 56(4), 407-419. 

Harada, H., Katagiri, H., Kamata, M., Yoshioka, Y., Asakura, H., Hashimoto, T., . . . Nishimura, T. (2010). Radiological response and clinical outcome in patients with femoral bone metastases after radiotherapy. Journal of radiation research, 51(2), 131-136.

Harlo, S., & Kvikstad, A. (2016). Økonomiske støtteordninger ved alvorlig sykdom og dødsfall. I: S. Kaasa, J. H. Loge, & D. R. F. Haugen (red.), Palliasjon: nordisk lærebok (3. utg., s. 172-188). Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.

Harris, D. G. (2010). Nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer. British medical bulletin, 96, 175-185.

Hashmi, A., Guckenberger, M., Kersh, R., Gerszten, P. C., Mantel, F., Grills, I. S., . . . Sahgal, A. (2016). Re-irradiation stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases: a multi-institutional outcome analysis. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 25(5), 646-653. 

Hately, J., Laurence, V., Scott, A., Baker, R., & Thomas, P. (2003). Breathlessness clinics within specialist palliative care settings can improve the quality of life and functional capacity of patients with lung cancer. Palliative medicine, 17(5), 410-417. 

Haugen, D. F., Hjermstad, M. J., Hagen, N., Caraceni, A., & Kaasa, S. (2010). Assessment and classification of cancer breakthrough pain: a systematic literature review. Pain, 149(3), 476-482. 

Haughney, A. (2004). Nausea & vomiting in end-stage cancer. The American journal of nursing, 104(11), 40-48; quiz 49.

Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. Samhandlingsreformen: rett behandling – på rett sted – til rett tid (St.meld. nr. 47 (2008-2009)). 

Helsedirektoratet. (2009). Beslutningsprosesser ved begrensning av livsforlengende behandling hos alvorlige syke og døende (IS-2091). Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. 

Helsedirektoratet. (2013). Nasjonale faglige retningslinjer for forebygging og behandling av underernæring (IS-1580). Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. 

Helsedirektoratet. (2015). Rapport om tilbudet til personer med behov for lindrende behandling og omsorg mot livets slutt: å skape liv til dagene (IS-2278). Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. 

Helsedirektoratet. (2018). Veileder om pårørende i helse- og omsorgstjenesten (IS-2587). Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. 

Hodel, J., Zins, M., Desmottes, L., Boulay-Coletta, I., Julles, M. C., Nakache, J. P., & Rodallec, M. (2009). Location of the transition zone in CT of small-bowel obstruction: added value of multiplanar reformations. Abdominal imaging, 34(1), 35-41. 

Holtan, A., Aass, N., Nordoy, T., Haugen, D. F., Kaasa, S., Mohr, W., & Kongsgaard, U. E. (2007). Prevalence of pain in hospitalised cancer patients in Norway: a national survey. Palliative medicine, 21(1), 7-13.

Husband, D. J., Grant, K. A., & Romaniuk, C. S. (2001). MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected malignant spinal cord compression. The British journal of radiology, 74(877), 15-23. 

Haanpaa, M., Attal, N., Backonja, M., Baron, R., Bennett, M., Bouhassira, D., . . . Treede, R. D. (2011). NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain, 152(1), 14-27. 

Individuell plan 2010 – veileder til forskrift om individuell plan. (2010). (IS-1253). Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. 

Iversen, G. S. (2. august 2018). En plan for livets sluttfase. [Nettdokument]. Oslo: Sykepleien. 

Jackson, K. C. (2015). Kulturformuleringsintervjuet (CFI), DSM-5 : et klinisk verktøy i tverrkulturell kommunikasjon. Oslo: NAKMI, Nasjonal kompetanseenhet for minoritetshelse.

Jandhyala, R., Fullarton, J. R., & Bennett, M. I. (2013). Efficacy of rapid-onset oral fentanyl formulations vs. oral morphine for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. Journal of pain and symptom management, 46(4), 573-580.

Jeejeebhoy, K. N. (2012). Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 15(3), 213-219.

Jennings, A. L., Davies, A. N., Higgins, J. P., & Broadley, K. (2001). Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4), CD002066.

Jeurnink, S. M., Steyerberg, E. W., Hof, G., van Eijck, C. H., Kuipers, E. J., & Siersema, P. D. (2007). Gastrojejunostomy versus stent placement in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a comparison in 95 patients. Journal of surgical oncology, 96(5), 389-396.

Johnstone, C., & Lutz, S. T. (2014). External beam radiotherapy and bone metastases. Annals of palliative medicine, 3(2), 114-122. 

Jones, L. W., & Alfano, C. M. (2013). Exercise-oncology research: past, present, and future. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 52(2), 195-215.

Kakhki, V. R., Anvari, K., Sadeghi, R., Mahmoudian, A. S., & Torabian-Kakhki, M. (2013). Pattern and distribution of bone metastases in common malignant tumors. Nuclear medicine review. Central & Eastern Europe, 16(2), 66-69.

Khan, S. Y., & O'Driscoll, B. R. (2004). Is nebulized saline a placebo in COPD? BMC pulmonary medicine, 4, 9. 

King, S., Forbes, K., Hanks, G. W., Ferro, C. J., & Chambers, E. J. (2011). A systematic review of the use of opioid medication for those with moderate to severe cancer pain and renal impairment: a European Palliative Care Research Collaborative opioid guidelines project. Palliative medicine, 25(5), 525-552. 

Kissane, D. (2005). A challenge for palliative medicine: bereavement care. European Journal of Palliative Care, 12(2S), 19-23.

Kjørstad, O. J., & Haugen, D. F. (2013). Hjarte-lunge-redning til kreftpasientar i palliativ fase. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 133(4), 417-421. 

Kloke, M., & Cherny, N. (2015). Treatment of dyspnoea in advanced cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 26 Suppl 5, v169-173.

Knudsen, A. K., Brunelli, C., Klepstad, P., Aass, N., Apolone, G., Corli, O., . . . Kaasa, S. (2012). Which domains should be included in a cancer pain classification system? Analyses of longitudinal data. Pain, 153(3), 696-703.

Kondrup, J., Rasmussen, H. H., Hamberg, O. L. E., & Stanga, Z. (2003). Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clinical Nutrition, 22(3), 321-336.

Kringlen, E., Finset, A., & Kringlen, E. (1999). Den kliniske samtalen : kommunikasjon og pasientbehandling. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Kultur- og kirkedepartementet. Frivillighet for alle (St.meld. nr 39 (2006-2007)).

Kumar, N., Malhotra, R., Maharajan, K., Zaw, A. S., Wu, P. H., Makandura, M. C., . . . Wong, H. K. (2017). Metastatic spine tumor surgery: A comparative study of minimally invasive approach using percutaneous pedicle screws fixation versus open approach. Clinical spine surgery, 30(8), E1015-e1021. 

Kvale, P. A., Simoff, M., & Prakash, U. B. (2003). Lung cancer. Palliative care. Chest, 123(1 Suppl), 284s-311s.

Kaasa, S., Apolone, G., Klepstad, P., Loge, J. H., Hjermstad, M. J., Corli, O., . . . Caraceni, A. (2011). Expert conference on cancer pain assessment and classification--the need for international consensus: working proposals on international standards. BMJ supportive & palliative care, 1(3), 281-287.

Kaasa, S., Loge, J. H., Fayers, P., Caraceni, A., Strasser, F., Hjermstad, M. J., . . . Haugen, D. F. (2008). Symptom assessment in palliative care: a need for international collaboration. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 26(23), 3867-3873.

Kaasa, S., Loge, J. H., Aapro, M., Albreht, T., Anderson, R., Bruera, E., . . . Lundeby, T. (2018). Integration of oncology and palliative care: a Lancet Oncology Commission. The Lancet. Oncology, 19(11), e588-e653.

Kaasa, T., & Wessel, J. (2001). The Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool: further development and validation for use in palliative care. Journal of palliative care, 17(1), 5-11.

Lacey, J. (2015). Management of the actively dying patient. I: N. I. Cherny (red.), Oxford textbook of palliative medicine (5. utg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Laird, B. J., Boyd, A. C., Colvin, L. A., & Fallon, M. T. (2009). Are cancer pain and depression interdependent? A systematic review. Psycho-oncology, 18(5), 459-464. 

Laksantia. I. (2016). Norsk legemiddelhåndbok. Oslo: Foreningen for utgivelse av Norsk legemiddelhåndbok. Hentet fra 

Langer, A. (2010). A systematic review of PET and PET/CT in oncology: a way to personalize cancer treatment in a cost-effective manner? BMC health services research, 10, 283. 

Larkin, P. J., Cherny, N. I., La Carpia, D., Guglielmo, M., Ostgathe, C., Scotté, F., . . . Committee, E. G. (2018). Diagnosis, assessment and management of constipation in advanced cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 29(Supplement_4), iv111-iv125. 

Larkin, P. J., Sykes, N. P., Centeno, C., Ellershaw, J. E., Elsner, F., Eugene, B., . . . Zuurmond, W. W. (2008). The management of constipation in palliative care: clinical practice recommendations. Palliative medicine, 22(7), 796-807. 

Larssen, L., Medhus, A. W., Hjermstad, M. J., Korner, H., Glomsaker, T., Soberg, T., . . . Hauge, T. (2011). Patient-reported outcomes in palliative gastrointestinal stenting: a Norwegian multicenter study. Surgical endoscopy, 25(10), 3162-3169. 

Larssen, L., Medhus, A. W., Körner, H., Glomsaker, T., Søberg, T., Gleditsch, D., . . . Hauge, T. (2012). Long-term outcome of palliative treatment with self-expanding metal stents for malignant obstructions of the GI tract. Scand J Gastroenterol, 47(12), 1505-1514. 

Laugsand, E. A., Fladvad, T., Skorpen, F., Maltoni, M., Kaasa, S., Fayers, P., & Klepstad, P. (2011). Clinical and genetic factors associated with nausea and vomiting in cancer patients receiving opioids. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 47(11), 1682-1691. 

Laugsand, T. S., Kaasa, S., Romundstad, P., Johannesen, T. B., & Lund, J. A. (2013). Radiotherapy for bone metastases: practice in Norway 1997-2007. A national registry-based study. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 52(6), 1129-1136. 

Lederberg, M. (1998). The family of the cancer patient. I: J. Holland (red.), Psycho-oncology (s. 981-993). New York: Oxford University Press.

Lee, S. H., Grant, R., Kennedy, C., & Kilbride, L. (2015). Positioning and spinal bracing for pain relief in metastatic spinal cord compression in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (9), CD007609. 

Levack, P., Graham, J., Collie, D., Grant, R., Kidd, J., Kunkler, I., . . . Summers, D. (2002). Don't wait for a sensory level--listen to the symptoms: a prospective audit of the delays in diagnosis of malignant cord compression. Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 14(6), 472-480.

Leve med kreft. Nasjonal kreftstrategi (2018–2022). (2018). (I-1184 B). Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. 

Levy, M. H. (1998). Doctor-patient communication: the lifeline to comprehensive cancer care. I: American Society of Clinical Oncology, Educational Book, 1998 (34th Annual Meeting) (s. 195-202)

Librach, S. L., Bouvette, M., De Angelis, C., Farley, J., Oneschuk, D., Pereira, J. L., & Syme, A. (2010). Consensus recommendations for the management of constipation in patients with advanced, progressive illness. Journal of pain and symptom management, 40(5), 761-773. 

Lichter, I. (1993). Which antiemetic? Journal of palliative care, 9(1), 42-50.

Lippert, F. K., Raffay, V., Georgiou, M., Steen, P. A., & Bossaert, L. (2010). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 10. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation, 81(10), 1445-1451. 

Loblaw, D. A., Perry, J., Chambers, A., & Laperriere, N. J. (2005). Systematic review of the diagnosis and management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression: the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative's Neuro-Oncology Disease Site Group. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 23(9), 2028-2037. 

Locke, G. R., 3rd, Pemberton, J. H., & Phillips, S. F. (2000). American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation. Gastroenterology, 119(6), 1761-1766.

Loge, J. (2008). Angst og depresjon. I: S. Kaasa (red.), Palliasjon: nordisk lærebok (2. utg., s. 531-547). Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.

Loughrey, G. J., Collins, C. D., Todd, S. M., Brown, N. M., & Johnson, R. J. (2000). Magnetic resonance imaging in the management of suspected spinal canal disease in patients with known malignancy. Clinical radiology, 55(11), 849-855. 

Lov om arbeidsmiljø, arbeidstid og stillingsvern mv. (arbeidsmiljøloven). LOV-2005-06-17-62. 

Lov om folketrygd (folketrygdloven). LOV-1997-02-28-19. 

Lov om helsepersonell m.v. (helsepersonelloven). LOV-1999-07-02-64. 

Lov om kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenester m.m. (helse- og omsorgstjenesteloven). LOV-2011-06-24-30. 

Lov om pasient- og brukerrettigheter (pasient- og brukerrettighetsloven). LOV-1999-07-02-63. 

Lov om spesialisthelsetjenesten m.m. (spesialisthelsetjenesteloven). LOV-1999-07-02-61. 

Lowenstein, O., Leyendecker, P., Hopp, M., Schutter, U., Rogers, P. D., Uhl, R., . . . Reimer, K. (2009). Combined prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone improves bowel function in patients receiving opioids for moderate-to-severe non-malignant chronic pain: a randomised controlled trial. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 10(4), 531-543.

Lutz, S., Balboni, T., Jones, J., Lo, S., Petit, J., Rich, S. E., . . . Hahn, C. (2017). Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: update of an ASTRO Evidence-Based Guideline. Practical radiation oncology, 7(1), 4-12.

Mak, K. S., Lee, L. K., Mak, R. H., Wang, S., Pile-Spellman, J., Abrahm, J. L., . . . Balboni, T. A. (2011). Incidence and treatment patterns in hospitalizations for malignant spinal cord compression in the United States, 1998-2006. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 80(3), 824-831. 

Malign medullakompresjon (MMK) - Standardisert pasientforløp. I: eHåndboken for Oslo universitetssykehus. (2018). [nettdokument]. Oslo: Oslo universitetssykehus. Avd. for kreftbehandling.

Mancini, I., & Bruera, E. (1998). Constipation in advanced cancer patients. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 6(4), 356-364.

Mancini, I. L., Hanson, J., Neumann, C. M., & Bruera, E. D. (2000). Opioid type and other clinical predictors of laxative dose in advanced cancer patients: a retrospective study. Journal of palliative medicine, 3(1), 49-56.

McClain, C. S., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2003). Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. Lancet (London, England), 361(9369), 1603-1607.

McClement, S. E. (2015). Spiritual issues in palliative medicine. I: N. Cherny, M. Fallon, S. Kaasa, R. K. Portenoy, & D. C. Currow (red.), Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine (5. utg., s. 1059-1066). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McCurdy, M. T., & Shanholtz, C. B. (2012). Oncologic emergencies. Critical care medicine, 40(7), 2212-2222.

McMillan, S. C. (2004). Assessing and managing opiate-induced constipation in adults with cancer. Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center, 11(3 Suppl), 3-9.

Meissner, W., Leyendecker, P., Mueller-Lissner, S., Nadstawek, J., Hopp, M., Ruckes, C., . . . Reimer, K. (2009). A randomised controlled trial with prolonged-release oral oxycodone and naloxone to prevent and reverse opioid-induced constipation. European journal of pain (London, England), 13(1), 56-64. 

Mendoza, J., Legido, J., Rubio, S., & Gisbert, J. P. (2007). Systematic review: the adverse effects of sodium phosphate enema. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 26(1), 9-20. 

Mercadante, S., Porzio, G., Valle, A., Fusco, F., Aielli, F., & Costanzo, V. (2011). Palliative sedation in patients with advanced cancer followed at home: a systematic review. Journal of pain and symptom management, 41(4), 754-760.

Metastatic spinal cord compression in adults. (2014). (Quality standard QS56). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Metastatic spinal cord compression in adults: risk assessment, diagnosis and management. (2008). (Clinical guideline CG75). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 

Metoder og verktøy [Nettdokument]. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. 

Meyer, L., & Pothuri, B. (2006). Decompressive percutaneous gastrostomy tube use in gynecologic malignancies. Current treatment options in oncology, 7(2), 111-120.

Miles, C. L., Fellowes, D., Goodman, M. L., & Wilkinson, S. (2006). Laxatives for the management of constipation in palliative care patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4), CD003448.

Moksnes, K., Dale, O., Rosland, J. H., Paulsen, O., Klepstad, P., & Kaasa, S. (2011). How to switch from morphine or oxycodone to methadone in cancer patients? a randomised clinical phase II trial. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 47(16), 2463-2470.

Moss, A. C., Morris, E., & Mac Mathuna, P. (2006). Palliative biliary stents for obstructing pancreatic carcinoma. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1), CD004200. 

Müller, D., Wiedmann, M., Kluge, R., Berr, F., Mössner, J., Sabri, O., & Caca, K. (2005). Ist die 18F-FDG-PET zum Monitoring der palliativen photodynamischen Therapie von nichtresektablen Klatskin-Tumoren geeignet? Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie, 43(5), 439-443.

Nabal, M., Librada, S., Redondo, M. J., Pigni, A., Brunelli, C., & Caraceni, A. (2012). The role of paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in addition to WHO Step III opioids in the control of pain in advanced cancer. A systematic review of the literature. Palliative medicine, 26(4), 305-312. 

NHS. (20. juni 2018). End of life care. [Nettside]. England: NHS. 

Nordoy, T., Thoresen, L., Kvikstad, A., & Svensen, R. (2006). Ernæring og væskebehandling til pasienter med ikke-kurabel kreftsykdom. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 126(5), 624-627.

Obling, S. R., Wilson, B. V., Pfeiffer, P., & Kjeldsen, J. (2017). Home parenteral nutrition increases fat free mass in patients with incurable gastrointestinal cancer. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland).

Oldervoll, L., & Stene, G. (2016). Fysisk aktivitet og trening. I: S. Kaasa, J. H. Loge, & D. R. F. Haugen (red.), Palliasjon: nordisk lærebok (3. utg., s. 244-252). Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.

Oldervoll, L. M., Loge, J. H., Lydersen, S., Paltiel, H., Asp, M. B., Nygaard, U. V., . . . Kaasa, S. (2011). Physical exercise for cancer patients with advanced disease: a randomized controlled trial. The oncologist, 16(11), 1649-1657.

Oldervoll, L. M., Loge, J. H., Paltiel, H., Asp, M. B., Vidvei, U., Hjermstad, M. J., & Kaasa, S. (2005). Are palliative cancer patients willing and able to participate in a physical exercise program? Palliative & supportive care, 3(4), 281-287.

Ortner, M. E., Caca, K., Berr, F., Liebetruth, J., Mansmann, U., Huster, D., . . . Lochs, H. (2003). Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology, 125(5), 1355-1363.

Paniagua-Collado, M., & Cauli, O. (2018). Non-pharmacological interventions in patients with spinal cord compression: a systematic review. Journal of neuro-oncology, 136(3), 423-434.

Patchell, R. A., Tibbs, P. A., Regine, W. F., Payne, R., Saris, S., Kryscio, R. J., . . . Young, B. (2005). Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet (London, England), 366(9486), 643-648.

Paulsen, O., Klepstad, P., Rosland, J. H., Aass, N., Albert, E., Fayers, P., & Kaasa, S. (2014). Efficacy of methylprednisolone on pain, fatigue, and appetite loss in patients with advanced cancer using opioids: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 32(29), 3221-3228.

Plesner, I. T., & Døving, C. A. Livsfaseriter : religions- og livsynspolitiske utfordringer i Norge. Oslo: STL, Samarbeidsrådet for tros- og livssynsamfunn.

Pothuri, B., Montemarano, M., Gerardi, M., Shike, M., Ben-Porat, L., Sabbatini, P., & Barakat, R. R. (2005). Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in patients with malignant bowel obstruction due to ovarian carcinoma. Gynecologic oncology, 96(2), 330-334.

Prat, F., Chapat, O., Ducot, B., Ponchon, T., Pelletier, G., Fritsch, J., . . . Buffet, C. (1998). A randomized trial of endoscopic drainage methods for inoperable malignant strictures of the common bile duct. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 47(1), 1-7.

Puchalski, C., Ferrell, B., Virani, R., Otis-Green, S., Baird, P., Bull, J., . . . Sulmasy, D. (2009). Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the Consensus Conference. Journal of palliative medicine, 12(10), 885-904.

På liv og død: palliasjon til alvorlig syke og døende. (2017). (NOU 2017:16). Oslo: Departementenes sikkerhets- og serviceorganisasjon, Informasjonsforvaltning.

Radbruch, L., Elsner, F., Trottenberg , P., Strasser, F., & Fearon, K. (2010). Clinical practice guidelines on Cancer Cachexia in advanced cancer patients. Aachen: Department of Palliative Medicinen / European Palliative Care Research Collaborative.

Radbruch, L., Sabatowski, R., Loick, G., Kulbe, C., Kasper, M., Grond, S., & Lehmann, K. A. (2000). Constipation and the use of laxatives: a comparison between transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine. Palliative medicine, 14(2), 111-119.

Rades, D., Segedin, B., Conde-Moreno, A., Gómez, R., Perpar, A., Metz, M., . . . Schild, S. (2016). Radiotherapy with 4 Gy x 5 versus 3 Gy x 10 for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: Final results of the SCORE-2 trial (ARO 2009/01). Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 34(6), 597-602.

Ramesh, P. R., Kumar, K. S., Rajagopal, M. R., Balachandran, P., & Warrier, P. K. (1998). Managing morphine-induced constipation: a controlled comparison of an Ayurvedic formulation and senna. Journal of pain and symptom management, 16(4), 240-244.

Rauws, E. A. (2006). Photodynamic therapy and Klatskin tumour: an overview. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, (243), 135-138.

Ravasco, P. (2005). Aspects of taste and compliance in patients with cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 9, S84-S91.

Reid, J., McKenna, H. P., Fitzsimons, D., & McCance, T. V. (2010). An exploration of the experience of cancer cachexia: what patients and their families want from healthcare professionals. European journal of cancer care, 19(5), 682-689.

Retningslinjer for lindrende sedering i livets sluttfase. (2014). Oslo: Den norske legeforening.

Rett til egen tros- og livssynsutøvelse. (2009). (Rundskriv I - 6/2009). Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet.

Rich, S. E., Chow, R., Raman, S., Liang Zeng, K., Lutz, S., Lam, H., . . . Chow, E. (2018). Update of the systematic review of palliative radiation therapy fractionation for bone metastases. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 126(3), 547-557.

Richmond, C. (2005). Dame Cicely Saunders. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 331(7510), 238-238.

Ringdal, G. I., Ringdal, K., Jordhoy, M. S., Ahlner-Elmqvist, M., Jannert, M., & Kaasa, S. (2004). Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in family members of cancer victims: results from a longitudinal intervention study in Norway and Sweden. Palliative medicine, 18(2), 108-120.

Ripamonti, C. (1994). Management of bowel obstruction in advanced cancer. Current opinion in oncology, 6(4), 351-357.

Ripamonti, C. (1999). Management of dyspnea in advanced cancer patients. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 7(4), 233-243.

Roberts, C. M. (2004). Short burst oxygen therapy for relief of breathlessness in COPD. Thorax, 59(8), 638-640.

Roodman, G. D. (2004). Mechanisms of bone metastasis. The New England journal of medicine, 350(16), 1655-1664.

Ropper, A. E., & Ropper, A. H. (2017). Acute spinal cord compression. The New England journal of medicine, 376(14), 1358-1369.

Rosland, J. H., von Hofacker, S., & Paulsen, O. (2006). Den døende pasient. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 126(4), 467-470.

Ruiz Garcia, V., Lopez-Briz, E., Carbonell Sanchis, R., Gonzalvez Perales, J. L., & Bort-Marti, S. (2013). Megestrol acetate for treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3), CD004310.

Salt, S., Mulvaney, C. A., & Preston, N. J. (2017). Drug therapy for symptoms associated with anxiety in adult palliative care patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (5), CD004596.

Sarhill, N., Mahmoud, F., Walsh, D., Nelson, K. A., Komurcu, S., Davis, M., . . . Rybicki, L. (2003). Evaluation of nutritional status in advanced metastatic cancer. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 11(10), 652-659.

Saunders, C. (2003). Watch with me: inspiration for a life in hospice care. Sheffield: Mortal Press.

Saxby, C., Ackroyd, R., Callin, S., Mayland, C., & Kite, S. (2007). How should we measure emesis in palliative care? Palliative medicine, 21(5), 369-383.

Sebastian, S., Johnston, S., Geoghegan, T., Torreggiani, W., & Buckley, M. (2004). Pooled analysis of the efficacy and safety of self-expanding metal stenting in malignant colorectal obstruction. The American journal of gastroenterology, 99(10), 2051-2057.

Segal, R., Zwaal, C., Green, E., Tomasone, J. R., Loblaw, A., Petrella, T., & Exercise for People with Cancer Guideline Development, G. (2017). Exercise for people with cancer: a systematic review. Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.), 24(4), e290-e315.

Selman, L. E., Brighton, L. J., Sinclair, S., Karvinen, I., Egan, R., Speck, P., . . . Hope, J. (2018). Patients' and caregivers' needs, experiences, preferences and research priorities in spiritual care: A focus group study across nine countries. Palliative medicine, 32(1), 216-230.

Seymour, J., & Clark, D. (2018). The Liverpool Care Pathway for the dying patient: a critical analysis of its rise, demise and legacy in England. Wellcome open research, 3, 15.

Shin, E. S., Seo, K. H., Lee, S. H., Jang, J. E., Jung, Y. M., Kim, M. J., & Yeon, J. Y. (2016). Massage with or without aromatherapy for symptom relief in people with cancer. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (6), CD009873.

Sigurdardottir, K. R., Kaasa, S., Rosland, J. H., Bausewein, C., Radbruch, L., & Haugen, D. F. (2014). The European Association for Palliative Care basic dataset to describe a palliative care cancer population: results from an international Delphi process. Palliative medicine, 28(6), 463-473.

Singhal, D., van Gulik, T. M., & Gouma, D. J. (2005). Palliative management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical oncology, 14(2), 59-74.

Smith, H. S., & Barkin, R. L. (2014). Painful boney metastases. American journal of therapeutics, 21(2), 106-130.

Smith, S. (2001). Evidence-based management of constipation in the oncology patient. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 5(1), 18-25.

Solheim, T. S., & Laird, B. J. (2012). Evidence base for multimodal therapy in cachexia. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care, 6(4), 424-431.

Spiritual support services. I. (2004). Improving supportive and palliative care for adults with cancer: the manual (s. 95-104). London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Stajduhar, K., Funk, L., Toye, C., Grande, G., Aoun, S., & Todd, C. (2010). Part 1: Home-based family caregiving at the end of life: a comprehensive review of published quantitative research (1998-2008). Palliative medicine, 24(6), 573-593.

Standardisert pasientforløp: Malign medullakompresjon. Trondheim: St. Olavs hospital. Kreftklinikken.

Standish, L. J., Kozak, L., & Congdon, S. (2008). Acupuncture is underutilized in hospice and palliative medicine. The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 25(4), 298-308.

Stensheim, H., Hjermstad, M., & Loge, J. H. (2016). Ivaretakelse av pårørende. I: S. Kaasa, J. H. Loge, & D. R. F. Haugen (red.), Palliasjon: nordisk lærebok (3. utg., s. 274-285). Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.

Stephenson, J., & Davies, A. (2006). An assessment of aetiology-based guidelines for the management of nausea and vomiting in patients with advanced cancer. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 14(4), 348-353.

Stone, C. A., Lawlor, P. G., & Kenny, R. A. (2011). How to identify patients with cancer at risk of falling: a review of the evidence. Journal of palliative medicine, 14(2), 221-230.

Stratton, R. J., Hackston, A., Longmore, D., Dixon, R., Price, S., Stroud, M., . . . Elia, M. (2004). Malnutrition in hospital outpatients and inpatients: prevalence, concurrent validity and ease of use of the 'malnutrition universal screening tool' ('MUST') for adults. The British journal of nutrition, 92(5), 799-808.

Sudore, R. L., Lum, H. D., You, J. J., Hanson, L. C., Meier, D. E., Pantilat, S. Z., . . . Heyland, D. K. (2017). Defining advance care planning for adults: a consensus definition from a multidisciplinary Delphi Panel. Journal of pain and symptom management, 53(5), 821-832.e821.

Sykmelderveileder. (2018). [nettdokument]. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet.

Sze, W. M., Shelley, M., Held, I., & Mason, M. (2004). Palliation of metastatic bone pain: single fraction versus multifraction radiotherapy - a systematic review of the randomised trials. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (2), CD004721.

Sze, W. M., Shelley, M. D., Held, I., Wilt, T. J., & Mason, M. D. (2003). Palliation of metastatic bone pain: single fraction versus multifraction radiotherapy--a systematic review of randomised trials. Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 15(6), 345-352.

Szklaruk, J., Tamm, E., & Charnsangavej, C. (2002). Preoperative imaging of biliary tract cancers. Surgical oncology clinics of North America, 11(4), 865-876.

Tamayo, A. C., & Diaz-Zuluaga, P. A. (2004). Management of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in cancer patients. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 12(9), 613-618.

Temel, J. S., Abernethy, A. P., Currow, D. C., Friend, J., Duus, E. M., Yan, Y., & Fearon, K. C. (2016). Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials. The Lancet. Oncology, 17(4), 519-531.

Teunissen, S. C., Wesker, W., Kruitwagen, C., de Haes, H. C., Voest, E. E., & de Graeff, A. (2007). Symptom prevalence in patients with incurable cancer: a systematic review. Journal of pain and symptom management, 34(1), 94-104.

Thoresen, L., Lillemoen, L., Sævareid, T. J. L., Gjerberg, E., Førde, R., & Pedersen, R. (2017). Forhåndssamtaler på sykehjem: felles planlegging for tiden framover og helsehjelp ved livets slutt for pasienter ved sykehjem (Veileder). Oslo: Universitet i Oslo. Institutt for helse og samfunn.

Townsend, P. W., Rosenthal, H. G., Smalley, S. R., Cozad, S. C., & Hassanein, R. E. (1994). Impact of postoperative radiation therapy and other perioperative factors on outcome after orthopedic stabilization of impending or pathologic fractures due to metastatic disease. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 12(11), 2345-2350.

Townsend, P. W., Smalley, S. R., Cozad, S. C., Rosenthal, H. G., & Hassanein, R. E. (1995). Role of postoperative radiation therapy after stabilization of fractures caused by metastatic disease. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 31(1), 43-49.

Traynor, O., Castaing, D., & Bismuth, H. (1987). Left intrahepatic cholangio-enteric anastomosis (round ligament approach): an effective palliative treatment for hilar cancers. The British journal of surgery, 74(10), 952-954.

Treatment for the dying patient: The Liverpool Care pathway. (2011). Best Practice Journal, (36), 6-13.

Treede, R. D., Jensen, T. S., Campbell, J. N., Cruccu, G., Dostrovsky, J. O., Griffin, J. W., . . . Serra, J. (2008). Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology, 70(18), 1630-1635.

van Delden, O. M., & Lameris, J. S. (2008). Percutaneous drainage and stenting for palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction. European radiology, 18(3), 448-456.

van den Beuken-van Everdingen, M. H., de Rijke, J. M., Kessels, A. G., Schouten, H. C., van Kleef, M., & Patijn, J. (2007). Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the past 40 years. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 18(9), 1437-1449.

van den Beuken-van Everdingen, M. H., Hochstenbach, L. M., Joosten, E. A., Tjan-Heijnen, V. C., & Janssen, D. J. (2016). Update on prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of pain and symptom management, 51(6), 1070-1090.e1079.

Vigano, A. L., di Tomasso, J., Kilgour, R. D., Trutschnigg, B., Lucar, E., Morais, J. A., & Borod, M. (2014). The abridged patient-generated subjective global assessment is a useful tool for early detection and characterization of cancer cachexia. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(7), 1088-1098.

Wang, C., Shen, Y., & Zhu, S. (2015). Distribution features of skeletal metastases: a comparative study between pulmonary and prostate cancers. PloS one, 10(11), e0143437. 

Wang, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2016). Spiritual well-being may reduce the negative impacts of cancer Symptoms on the quality of life and the desire for hastened death in terminally ill cancer patients. Cancer nursing, 39(4), E43-50.

WHO definition of palliative care. (2018). [nettdokument]. Geneve: World Health Organisation.

Wirz, S., Nadstawek, J., Elsen, C., Junker, U., & Wartenberg, H. C. (2012). Laxative management in ambulatory cancer patients on opioid therapy: a prospective, open-label investigation of polyethylene glycol, sodium picosulphate and lactulose. European journal of cancer care, 21(1), 131-140.

Witzigmann, H., Berr, F., Ringel, U., Caca, K., Uhlmann, D., Schoppmeyer, K., . . . Wiedmann, M. (2006). Surgical and palliative management and outcome in 184 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma: palliative photodynamic therapy plus stenting is comparable to r1/r2 resection. Annals of surgery, 244(2), 230-239.

Wood, G. J., Shega, J. W., Lynch, B., & Von Roenn, J. H. (2007). Management of intractable nausea and vomiting in patients at the end of life: "I was feeling nauseous all of the time . . . nothing was working". Jama, 298(10), 1196-1207. 

Woolery, M., Bisanz, A., Lyons, H. F., Gaido, L., Yenulevich, M., Fulton, S., & McMillan, S. C. (2008). Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for the prevention and management of constipation in patients with cancer. Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 12(2), 317-337. 

Wu, J. S., Wong, R., Johnston, M., Bezjak, A., & Whelan, T. (2003). Meta-analysis of dose-fractionation radiotherapy trials for the palliation of painful bone metastases. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 55(3), 594-605.

Yavuzsen, T., Davis, M. P., Walsh, D., LeGrand, S., & Lagman, R. (2005). Systematic review of the treatment of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 23(33), 8500-8511. 

Siste faglige endring: 14. oktober 2019