Du benytter en nettleser vi ikke støtter. Se informasjon om nettlesere

Referanser

Al Natour, R. H., Saund, M. S., Sanchez, V. M., Whang, E. E., Sharma, A. M., Huang, Q., . . . Gold, J. S. (2012). Tumor size and depth predict rate of lymph node metastasis in colon carcinoids and can be used to select patients for endoscopic resection. J Gastrointest Surg, 16(3), 595-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-011-1786-1

Amin, M. B., Greene, F. L., Edge, S. B., Compton, C. C., Gershenwald, J. E., Brookland, R. K., . . . Winchester, D. P. (2017). The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more "personalized" approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin, 67(2), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21388

Amstutz, U., Henricks, L. M., Offer, S. M., Barbarino, J., Schellens, J. H. M., Swen, J. J., . . . Schwab, M. (2018). Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing: 2017 Update. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 103(2), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.911

Arnold, R., Rinke, A., Klose, K. J., Muller, H. H., Wied, M., Zamzow, K., . . . Arnold, C. N. (2005). Octreotide versus octreotide plus interferon-alpha in endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: a randomized trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 3(8), 761-771.

Azad, N. S., Gray, R. J., Overman, M. J., Schoenfeld, J. D., Mitchell, E. P., Zwiebel, J. A., . . . Flaherty, K. T. (2020). Nivolumab Is Effective in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Noncolorectal Cancers: Results From Arm Z1D-A Subprotocol of the NCI-MATCH (EAY131) Study. J Clin Oncol, 38(3), 214-222. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.00818

Baechle, J. J., Marincola Smith, P., Tan, M., Solórzano, C. C., Lopez-Aguiar, A. G., Dillhoff, M., . . . Idrees, K. (2020). Specific Growth Rate as a Predictor of Survival in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Multi-institutional Study from the United States Neuroendocrine Study Group. Ann Surg Oncol, Apr 23 [Epub ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-08497-4

Basturk, O., Yang, Z., Tang, L. H., Hruban, R. H., Adsay, V., McCall, C. M., . . . Klimstra, D. S. (2015). The high-grade (WHO G3) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor category is morphologically and biologically heterogenous and includes both well differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol, 39(5), 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1097/pas.0000000000000408

Bergsland, E. K., & Nakakura, E. K. (2014). Neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary: is the primary site really not known? JAMA Surg, 149(9), 889-890. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.216

Bernard, V., Lombard-Bohas, C., Taquet, M. C., Caroli-Bosc, F. X., Ruszniewski, P., Niccoli, P., . . . Tumors, F. G. E. (2013). Efficacy of everolimus in patients with metastatic insulinoma and refractory hypoglycemia. European Journal of Endocrinology, 168(5), 665-674. https://doi.org/10.1530/Eje-12-1101

Bertani, E., Fazio, N., Radice, D., Zardini, C., Spinoglio, G., Chiappa, A., . . . Falconi, M. (2017). Assessing the role of primary tumour resection in patients with synchronous unresectable liver metastases from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour of the body and tail. A propensity score survival evaluation. Eur J Surg Oncol, 43(2), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.09.011

Bhattacharyya, S., Toumpanakis, C., Caplin, M. E., & Davar, J. (2008). Usefulness of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a biomarker of the presence of carcinoid heart disease. Am J Cardiol, 102(7), 938-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.047

Binderup, T., Knigge, U., Loft, A., Mortensen, J., Pfeifer, A., Federspiel, B., . . . Kjaer, A. (2010). Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors: a head-to-head comparison of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, 123I-MIBG scintigraphy, and 18F-FDG PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 51(5), 704-712. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.069765

Bodei, L., Kidd, M., Paganelli, G., Grana, C. M., Drozdov, I., Cremonesi, M., . . . Modlin, I. M. (2015). Long-term tolerability of PRRT in 807 patients with neuroendocrine tumours: the value and limitations of clinical factors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 42(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2893-5

Boyar Cetinkaya, R., Aagnes, B., Thiis-Evensen, E., Tretli, S., Bergestuen, D. S., & Hansen, S. (2017). Trends in Incidence of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Norway: A Report of 16,075 Cases from 1993 through 2010. Neuroendocrinology, 104(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442207

Brabander, T., van der Zwan, W. A., Teunissen, J. J. M., Kam, B. L. R., Feelders, R. A., de Herder, W. W., . . . Kwekkeboom, D. J. (2017). Long-Term Efficacy, Survival, and Safety of [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic and Bronchial Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 23(16), 4617-4624. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-16-2743

Brenner, B., Shah, M. A., Gonen, M., Klimstra, D. S., Shia, J., & Kelsen, D. P. (2004). Small-cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a retrospective study of 64 cases. Br J Cancer, 90(9), 1720-1726. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601758

Bussolati, G., Volante, M., & Papotti, M. (2001). Classic and recent special stains used in differential diagnosis of endocrine tumors. Endocr Pathol, 12(4), 379-387.

Caplin, M. E., Pavel, M., Cwikla, J. B., Phan, A. T., Raderer, M., Sedlackova, E., . . . Investigators, C. (2014). Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med, 371(3), 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1316158

Capurso, G., Bettini, R., Rinzivillo, M., Boninsegna, L., Delle Fave, G., & Falconi, M. (2011). Role of resection of the primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour only in patients with unresectable metastatic liver disease: a systematic review. Neuroendocrinology, 93(4), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1159/000324770

Capurso, G., Rinzivillo, M., Bettini, R., Boninsegna, L., Delle Fave, G., & Falconi, M. (2012). Systematic review of resection of primary midgut carcinoid tumour in patients with unresectable liver metastases. Br J Surg, 99(11), 1480-1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.8842

Carlsen, E. A., Fazio, N., Granberg, D., Grozinsky-Glasberg, S., Ahmadzadehfar, H., Grana, C. M., . . . Sorbye, H. (2019). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in gastroenteropancreatic NEN G3: a multicenter cohort study. Endocr Relat Cancer, 26(2), 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1530/erc-18-0424

Chan, D. L., Pavlakis, N., Schembri, G. P., Bernard, E. J., Hsiao, E., Hayes, A., . . . Bailey, D. L. (2017). Dual Somatostatin Receptor/FDG PET/CT Imaging in Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumours: Proposal for a Novel Grading Scheme with Prognostic Significance. Theranostics, 7(5), 1149-1158. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.18068

Chen, T., Yao, L. Q., Xu, M. D., Zhang, Y. Q., Chen, W. F., Shi, Q., . . . Zhong, Y. S. (2016). Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Carcinoids. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 14(4), 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.048

Condron, M. E., Pommier, S. J., & Pommier, R. F. (2016). Continuous infusion of octreotide combined with perioperative octreotide bolus does not prevent intraoperative carcinoid crisis. Surgery, 159(1), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.05.036

Connolly, H. M., Nishimura, R. A., Smith, H. C., Pellikka, P. A., Mullany, C. J., & Kvols, L. K. (1995). Outcome of cardiac surgery for carcinoid heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 25(2), 410-416.

Dam, G., Grønbæk, H., Sorbye, H., Thiis Evensen, E., Paulsson, B., Sundin, A., . . . Tiensuu Janson, E. (2020). Prospective Study of Chromogranin A as a Predictor of Progression in Patients with Pancreatic, Small-Intestinal, and Unknown Primary Neuroendocrine Tumors. Neuroendocrinology, 110(3-4), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1159/000503833

Daskalakis, K., Karakatsanis, A., Hessman, O., Stuart, H. C., Welin, S., Tiensuu Janson, E., . . . Stålberg, P. (2018). Association of a Prophylactic Surgical Approach to Stage IV Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors With Survival. JAMA oncology, 4(2), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3326

Deenen, M. J., Meulendijks, D., Cats, A., Sechterberger, M. K., Severens, J. L., Boot, H., . . . Schellens, J. H. (2016). Upfront Genotyping of DPYD*2A to Individualize Fluoropyrimidine Therapy: A Safety and Cost Analysis. J Clin Oncol, 34(3), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.63.1325

Del Prete, M., Fiore, F., Modica, R., Marotta, V., Marciello, F., Ramundo, V., . . . Multidisciplinary Group for NeuroEndocrine Tumors of, N. (2014). Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 33, 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-33-43

Delle Fave, G., Kwekkeboom, D. J., Van Cutsem, E., Rindi, G., Kos-Kudla, B., Knigge, U., . . . Barcelona Consensus Conference, p. (2012). ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with gastroduodenal neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology, 95(2), 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335595

Delle Fave, G., O'Toole, D., Sundin, A., Taal, B., Ferolla, P., Ramage, J. K., . . . Vienna Consensus Conference, p. (2016). ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for Gastroduodenal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology, 103(2), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443168

Deng, H. Y., Ni, P. Z., Wang, Y. C., Wang, W. P., & Chen, L. Q. (2016). Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus: clinical characteristics and prognostic evaluation of 49 cases with surgical resection. J Thorac Dis, 8(6), 1250-1256. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2016.04.21

Digestive System Tumours. (2019). (5. utg.). (WHO Classification of Tumours, Volume 1). Lyon: IARC.

Duan, K., & Mete, O. (2016). Algorithmic approach to neuroendocrine tumors in targeted biopsies: Practical applications of immunohistochemical markers. Cancer Cytopathology, 124(12), 871-884. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncy.21765

Ekeblad, S., Sundin, A., Janson, E. T., Welin, S., Granberg, D., Kindmark, H., . . . Skogseid, B. (2007). Temozolomide as monotherapy is effective in treatment of advanced malignant neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 13(10), 2986-2991. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2053

Eriksson, B., & Oberg, K. (1993). An update of the medical treatment of malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors. Acta Oncol, 32(2), 203-208. https://doi.org/10.3109/02841869309083913

Eriksson, J., Stalberg, P., Nilsson, A., Krause, J., Lundberg, C., Skogseid, B., . . . Hellman, P. (2008). Surgery and radiofrequency ablation for treatment of liver metastases from midgut and foregut carcinoids and endocrine pancreatic tumors. World J Surg, 32(5), 930-938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-008-9510-3

Faiss, S., Pape, U. F., Bohmig, M., Dorffel, Y., Mansmann, U., Golder, W., . . . Interferon Alfa Study, G. (2003). Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of lanreotide, interferon alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors--the International Lanreotide and Interferon Alfa Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 21(14), 2689-2696. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.12.142

Fendrich, V., Langer, P., Waldmann, J., Bartsch, D. K., & Rothmund, M. (2007). Management of sporadic and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gastrinomas. Br J Surg, 94(11), 1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5987

Fiore, F., Del Prete, M., Franco, R., Marotta, V., Ramundo, V., Marciello, F., . . . Faggiano, A. (2014). Transarterial embolization (TAE) is equally effective and slightly safer than transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) to manage liver metastases in neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine, 47(1), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0130-9

Fischer, L., Bergmann, F., Schimmack, S., Hinz, U., Priess, S., Muller-Stich, B. P., . . . Buchler, M. W. (2014). Outcome of surgery for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Br J Surg, 101(11), 1405-1412. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9603

Forskrift om prioritering av helsetjenester, rett til nødvendig helsehjelp fra spesialisthelsetjenesten, rett til behandling i utlandet og om klagenemnd (prioriteringsforskriften). FOR-2000-12-01-1208. Sist endret i FOR-2020-02-04-119 fra 01.03.2020. Hentet fra https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2000-12-01-1208

Fraenkel, M., Kim, M., Faggiano, A., de Herder, W. W., & Valk, G. D. (2014). Incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: a systematic review of the literature. Endocr Relat Cancer, 21(3), R153-163. https://doi.org/10.1530/erc-13-0125

Fykse, V., Sandvik, A. K., & Waldum, H. L. (2005). One-year follow-up study of patients with enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids after treatment with octreotide long-acting release. Scand J Gastroenterol, 40(11), 1269-1274.

Ganeshan, D., Bhosale, P., Yang, T., & Kundra, V. (2013). Imaging features of carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. AJR: American Journal of Roentgenology, 201(4), 773-786. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.12.9758

Gedde-Dahl, M., Thiis-Evensen, E., Tjolsen, A. M., Mordal, K. S., Vatn, M., & Bergestuen, D. S. (2013). Comparison of 24-h and overnight samples of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in patients with intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Connect, 2(1), 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-12-0077

Gincul, R., Ponchon, T., Napoleon, B., Scoazec, J. Y., Guillaud, O., Saurin, J. C., . . . Walter, T. (2016). Endoscopic treatment of sporadic small duodenal and ampullary neuroendocrine tumors. Endoscopy, 48(11), 979-986. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-112570

Grozinsky-Glasberg, S., Alexandraki, K. I., Barak, D., Doviner, V., Reissman, P., Kaltsas, G. A., & Gross, D. J. (2013). Current size criteria for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix: are they valid? Clinical experience and review of the literature. Neuroendocrinology, 98(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343801

Hallet, J., Law, C. H., Cukier, M., Saskin, R., Liu, N., & Singh, S. (2015). Exploring the rising incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: a population-based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes. Cancer, 121(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29099

Hashim, Y. M., Trinkaus, K. M., Linehan, D. C., Strasberg, S. S., Fields, R. C., Cao, D., & Hawkins, W. G. (2014). Regional lymphadenectomy is indicated in the surgical treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Ann Surg, 259(2), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000348

Haugvik, S. P., Janson, E. T., Osterlund, P., Langer, S. W., Falk, R. S., Labori, K. J., . . . Sorbye, H. (2016). Surgical Treatment as a Principle for Patients with High-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Nordic Multicenter Comparative Study. Ann Surg Oncol, 23(5), 1721-1728. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-015-5013-2

Hauso, O., Gustafsson, B. I., Kidd, M., Waldum, H. L., Drozdov, I., Chan, A. K., & Modlin, I. M. (2008). Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology: contrasting Norway and North America. Cancer, 113(10), 2655-2664. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23883

Heetfeld, M., Chougnet, C. N., Olsen, I. H., Rinke, A., Borbath, I., Crespo, G., . . . other Knowledge Network, m. (2015). Characteristics and treatment of patients with G3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer, 22(4), 657-664. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-15-0119

Hentic, O., Hammel, P., Couvelard, A., Rebours, V., Zappa, M., Palazzo, M., . . . Ruszniewski, P. (2012). FOLFIRI regimen: an effective second-line chemotherapy after failure of etoposide-platinum combination in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas grade 3. Endocr Relat Cancer, 19(6), 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-12-0002

Hughes, M. S., Azoury, S. C., Assadipour, Y., Straughan, D. M., Trivedi, A. N., Lim, R. M., . . . Wank, S. A. (2016). Prospective evaluation and treatment of familial carcinoid small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs). Surgery, 159(1), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.05.041

Iacovelli, R., Palazzo, A., Mezi, S., Morano, F., Naso, G., & Cortesi, E. (2012). Incidence and risk of pulmonary toxicity in patients treated with mTOR inhibitors for malignancy. A meta-analysis of published trials. Acta Oncol, 51(7), 873-879. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2012.705019

In't Hof, K. H., van der Wal, H. C., Kazemier, G., & Lange, J. F. (2008). Carcinoid tumour of the appendix: an analysis of 1,485 consecutive emergency appendectomies. J Gastrointest Surg, 12(8), 1436-1438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0545-4

Janson, E. T., Holmberg, L., Stridsberg, M., Eriksson, B., Theodorsson, E., Wilander, E., & Oberg, K. (1997). Carcinoid tumors: analysis of prognostic factors and survival in 301 patients from a referral center. Ann Oncol, 8(7), 685-690.

Janson, E. T., Sorbye, H., Welin, S., Federspiel, B., Gronbaek, H., Hellman, P., . . . Knigge, U. (2014). Nordic guidelines 2014 for diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Acta Oncol, 53(10), 1284-1297. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186x.2014.941999

Jensen, K. H., Hilsted, L., Jensen, C., Mynster, T., Rehfeld, J. F., & Knigge, U. (2013). Chromogranin A is a sensitive marker of progression or regression in ileo-cecal neuroendocrine tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol, 48(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2012.733953

Jensen, R. T., Cadiot, G., Brandi, M. L., de Herder, W. W., Kaltsas, G., Komminoth, P., . . . Barcelona Consensus Conference, p. (2012). ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: functional pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes. Neuroendocrinology, 95(2), 98-119. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335591

Jesinghaus, M., Konukiewitz, B., Keller, G., Kloor, M., Steiger, K., Reiche, M., . . . Klöppel, G. (2017). Colorectal mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas are genetically closely related to colorectal adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol, 30(4), 610-619. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2016.220

Jianu, C. S., Fossmark, R., Syversen, U., Hauso, O., & Waldum, H. L. (2010). A meal test improves the specificity of chromogranin A as a marker of neuroendocrine neoplasia. Tumour Biol, 31(5), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-010-0045-5

Jiao, Y., Shi, C., Edil, B. H., de Wilde, R. F., Klimstra, D. S., Maitra, A., . . . Papadopoulos, N. (2011). DAXX/ATRX, MEN1, and mTOR pathway genes are frequently altered in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Science, 331(6021), 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200609

Kanakis, G., & Kaltsas, G. (2012). Biochemical markers for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 26(6), 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.006

Klöppel, G., Couvelard, A., Hruban, R. H., Klimstra, D. S., Komminoth, P., Osamura, R. Y., . . . Rindi, G. (2017). Neoplasms of the neuroendocrine pancreas. I: R. V. Lloyd, R. Y. Osamura, G. Klöppel, & J. Rosai (red.), WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs (4. utg., s. 209-240). Lyon: IARC.

Knigge, U., & Hansen, C. P. (2012). Surgery for GEP-NETs. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 26(6), 819-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.005

Kolby, L., Persson, G., Franzen, S., & Ahren, B. (2003). Randomized clinical trial of the effect of interferon alpha on survival in patients with disseminated midgut carcinoid tumours. Br J Surg, 90(6), 687-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4149

Konukiewitz, B., Schlitter, A. M., Jesinghaus, M., Pfister, D., Steiger, K., Segler, A., . . . Klöppel, G. (2017). Somatostatin receptor expression related to TP53 and RB1 alterations in pancreatic and extrapancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with a Ki67-index above 20. Mod Pathol, 30(4), 587-598. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2016.217

Korse, C. M., Taal, B. G., van Velthuysen, M. L., & Visser, O. (2013). Incidence and survival of neuroendocrine tumours in the Netherlands according to histological grade: experience of two decades of cancer registry. Eur J Cancer, 49(8), 1975-1983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.022

Ku, G. Y., Minsky, B. D., Rusch, V. W., Bains, M., Kelsen, D. P., & Ilson, D. H. (2008). Small-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: review of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience. Ann Oncol, 19(3), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm476

Kukar, M., Groman, A., Malhotra, U., Warren, G. W., Bogner, P., Nwogu, C. E., . . . Yendamuri, S. (2013). Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a SEER database analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 20(13), 4239-4244. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-3167-3

Kunz, P. L., Catalano, P. J., Nimeiri, H., Fisher, G. A., Longacre, T. A., Suarez, C. J., . . . Benson, A. B. (2018). A randomized study of temozolomide or temozolomide and capecitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (E2211). J Clin Oncol, 36(15_suppl), 4004. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.4004

Kwekkeboom, D. J., Teunissen, J. J., Bakker, W. H., Kooij, P. P., de Herder, W. W., Feelders, R. A., . . . Krenning, E. P. (2005). Radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Clin Oncol, 23(12), 2754-2762. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.08.066

Larghi, A., Capurso, G., Carnuccio, A., Ricci, R., Alfieri, S., Galasso, D., . . . Rindi, G. (2012). Ki-67 grading of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors on histologic samples obtained by EUS-guided fine-needle tissue acquisition: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc, 76(3), 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.04.477

Lepage, C., Bouvier, A. M., & Faivre, J. (2013). Endocrine tumours: epidemiology of malignant digestive neuroendocrine tumours. European Journal of Endocrinology, 168(4), R77-83. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-12-0418

Leve med kreft: nasjonal kreftstrategi (2018–2022). (2018). Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. Hentet fra https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/leve-med-kreft/id2598282/

Lov om kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenester m.m. (helse- og omsorgstjenesteloven). LOV-2011-06-24-30.  Hentet fra https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2011-06-24-30

Lov om pasient- og brukerrettigheter (pasient- og brukerrettighetsloven). LOV-1999-07-02-63. Sist endret i LOV-2019-12-20-104 fra 01.03.2020. Hentet fra https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1999-07-02-63

Margonis, G. A., Samaha, M., Kim, Y., Postlewait, L. M., Kunz, P., Maithel, S., . . . Pawlik, T. M. (2016). A Multi-institutional Analysis of Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Tumor Biology Rather than Extent of Resection Dictates Prognosis. J Gastrointest Surg, 20(6), 1098-1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-016-3135-x

Massironi, S., Rossi, R. E., Zilli, A., Casazza, G., Ciafardini, C., & Conte, D. (2016). A wait-and-watch approach to small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: prognosis and survival. Oncotarget, 7(14), 18978-18983. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.7902

Mazzaferro, V., Sposito, C., Coppa, J., Miceli, R., Bhoori, S., Bongini, M., . . . Mariani, L. (2016). The Long-Term Benefit of Liver Transplantation for Hepatic Metastases From Neuroendocrine Tumors. American Journal of Transplantation, 16(10), 2892-2902. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13831

McCall, C. M., Shi, C., Cornish, T. C., Klimstra, D. S., Tang, L. H., Basturk, O., . . . Hruban, R. H. (2013). Grading of well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is improved by the inclusion of both Ki67 proliferative index and mitotic rate. Am J Surg Pathol, 37(11), 1671-1677. https://doi.org/10.1097/pas.0000000000000089

Meng, M. B., Zaorsky, N. G., Jiang, C., Tian, L. J., Wang, H. H., Liu, C. L., . . . Ping, W. (2013). Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are associated with improved outcomes over surgery and chemotherapy in the management of limited-stage small cell esophageal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 106(3), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2013.01.008

Meulendijks, D., Henricks, L. M., Sonke, G. S., Deenen, M. J., Froehlich, T. K., Amstutz, U., . . . Schellens, J. H. (2015). Clinical relevance of DPYD variants c.1679T>G, c.1236G>A/HapB3, and c.1601G>A as predictors of severe fluoropyrimidine-associated toxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncology, 16(16), 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00286-7

Milione, M., Maisonneuve, P., Spada, F., Pellegrinelli, A., Spaggiari, P., Albarello, L., . . . La Rosa, S. (2017). The Clinicopathologic Heterogeneity of Grade 3 Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Morphological Differentiation and Proliferation Identify Different Prognostic Categories. Neuroendocrinology, 104(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445165

Modlin, I. M., Pavel, M., Kidd, M., & Gustafsson, B. I. (2010). Review article: somatostatin analogues in the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31(2), 169-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04174.x

Moertel, C. G., Hanley, J. A., & Johnson, L. A. (1980). Streptozocin alone compared with streptozocin plus fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 303(21), 1189-1194. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198011203032101

Morgan, R. E., Pommier, S. J., & Pommier, R. F. (2018). Expanded criteria for debulking of liver metastasis also apply to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery, 163(1), 218-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.05.030

Nasjonal helseplan (2007-2010). (2006). (Særtrykk av St.prp. nr. 1 (2006–2007) kapittel 6.). Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. Hentet fra https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/HOD/Sykehus/Nasjonal_helseplan_Sartrykk.pdf

Nasjonal strategi for kreftområdet 2006-2009. (2006). Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. Hentet fra https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/hod/sykehus/kreftstrategi-2006-2009.pdf

Nasjonalt handlingsprogram med retningslinjer for diagnostikk, behandling og oppfølging av lungekreft, mesoteliom og thymom. (2014). (8. utg.). (IS-2654). Oslo: Helsedirektoratet. Hentet fra https://helsedirektoratet.no/retningslinjer/nasjonalt-handlingsprogram-med-retningslinjer-for-diagnostikk-behandling-og-oppfolging-av-lungekreft-mesoteliom-og-thymom

Norlen, O., Hessman, O., Stalberg, P., Akerstrom, G., & Hellman, P. (2010). Prophylactic cholecystectomy in midgut carcinoid patients. World J Surg, 34(6), 1361-1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-010-0428-1

Norlen, O., Stalberg, P., Oberg, K., Eriksson, J., Hedberg, J., Hessman, O., . . . Akerstrom, G. (2012). Long-term results of surgery for small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors at a tertiary referral center. World J Surg, 36(6), 1419-1431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1296-z

Norton, J. A. (2005). Surgery and prognosis of duodenal gastrinoma as a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 19(5), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2005.05.001

Oberg, K., Knigge, U., Kwekkeboom, D., Perren, A., & Group, E. G. W. (2012). Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 23 Suppl 7, vii124-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds295

Palliasjon: nordisk lærebok. (2016). (3. utg.). Oslo: Gyldendal.

Panagiotidis, E., Alshammari, A., Michopoulou, S., Skoura, E., Naik, K., Maragkoudakis, E., . . . Bomanji, J. (2017). Comparison of the Impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT on Clinical Management in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 58(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.178095

Pape, U. F., Perren, A., Niederle, B., Gross, D., Gress, T., Costa, F., . . . Barcelona Consensus Conference, p. (2012). ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms from the jejuno-ileum and the appendix including goblet cell carcinomas. Neuroendocrinology, 95(2), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335629

Patel, S. P., Othus, M., Chae, Y. K., Giles, F. J., Hansel, D. E., Singh, P. P., . . . Kurzrock, R. (2020). A Phase II Basket Trial of Dual Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Blockade in Rare Tumors (DART SWOG 1609) in Patients with Nonpancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 26(10), 2290-2296. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-19-3356

Pavel, M., Baudin, E., Couvelard, A., Krenning, E., Oberg, K., Steinmuller, T., . . . Barcelona Consensus Conference, p. (2012). ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary. Neuroendocrinology, 95(2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335597

Pellikka, P. A., Tajik, A. J., Khandheria, B. K., Seward, J. B., Callahan, J. A., Pitot, H. C., & Kvols, L. K. (1993). Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients. Circulation, 87(4), 1188-1196.

Ramage, J. K., Ahmed, A., Ardill, J., Bax, N., Breen, D. J., Caplin, M. E., . . . Ireland Neuroendocrine Tumour, S. (2012). Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs). Gut, 61(1), 6-32. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300831

Ramage, J. K., De Herder, W. W., Delle Fave, G., Ferolla, P., Ferone, D., Ito, T., . . . Vienna Consensus Conference, p. (2016). ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for Colorectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology, 103(2), 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443166

Raymond, E., Dahan, L., Raoul, J. L., Bang, Y. J., Borbath, I., Lombard-Bohas, C., . . . Ruszniewski, P. (2011). Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med, 364(6), 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1003825

Regenet, N., Carrere, N., Boulanger, G., de Calan, L., Humeau, M., Arnault, V., . . . Mirallie, E. (2016). Is the 2-cm size cutoff relevant for small nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A French multicenter study. Surgery, 159(3), 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.10.003

Reid, M. D., Bagci, P., Ohike, N., Saka, B., Erbarut Seven, I., Dursun, N., . . . Adsay, V. (2015). Calculation of the Ki67 index in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a comparative analysis of four counting methodologies. Mod Pathol, 28(5), 686-694. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2014.156

Rindi, G., Kloppel, G., Alhman, H., Caplin, M., Couvelard, A., de Herder, W. W., . . . Wiedenmann, B. (2006). TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch, 449(4), 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-006-0250-1

Rinke, A., Muller, H. H., Schade-Brittinger, C., Klose, K. J., Barth, P., Wied, M., . . . Group, P. S. (2009). Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 27(28), 4656-4663. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.22.8510

Rinzivillo, M., Capurso, G., Campana, D., Fazio, N., Panzuto, F., Spada, F., . . . Delle Fave, G. (2016). Risk and Protective Factors for Small Intestine Neuroendocrine Tumours: A Prospectivecase-Control Study. Neuroendocrinology, 103(5), 531-537. https://doi.org/10.1159/000440884

Roy, R. C., Carter, R. F., & Wright, P. D. (1987). Somatostatin, anaesthesia, and the carcinoid syndrome. Peri-operative administration of a somatostatin analogue to suppress carcinoid tumour activity. Anaesthesia, 42(6), 627-632.

Sadot, E., Reidy-Lagunes, D. L., Tang, L. H., Do, R. K., Gonen, M., D'Angelica, M. I., . . . Allen, P. J. (2016). Observation versus Resection for Small Asymptomatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Matched Case-Control Study. Ann Surg Oncol, 23(4), 1361-1370. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-015-4986-1

Sahnane, N., Furlan, D., Monti, M., Romualdi, C., Vanoli, A., Vicari, E., . . . La Rosa, S. (2015). Microsatellite unstable gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas: a new clinicopathologic entity. Endocr Relat Cancer, 22(1), 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1530/erc-14-0410

Sammen - mot kreft: nasjonal kreftstrategi 2013-2017. (2013). Oslo: Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. Hentet fra https://www.iccp-portal.org/system/files/plans/kreftstrategien_2013.pdf

Sandvik, O. M., Soreide, K., Gudlaugsson, E., Kvaloy, J. T., & Soreide, J. A. (2016). Epidemiology and classification of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms using current coding criteria. Br J Surg, 103(3), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10034

Shafqat, H., Ali, S., Salhab, M., & Olszewski, A. J. (2015). Survival of patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population-based analysis. Dis Colon Rectum, 58(3), 294-303. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000298

Sorbye, H., Baudin, E., Borbath, I., Caplin, M., Chen, J., Cwikla, J. B., . . . Garcia-Carbonero, R. (2019). Unmet Needs in High-Grade Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (WHO G3). Neuroendocrinology, 108(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000493318

Sorbye, H., Baudin, E., & Perren, A. (2018). The Problem of High-Grade Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors, Neuroendocrine Carcinomas, and Beyond. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 47(3), 683-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2018.05.001

Sorbye, H., Kong, G., & Grozinsky-Glasberg, S. (2020). PRRT in high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (WHO G3). Endocr Relat Cancer, 27(3), R67-r77. https://doi.org/10.1530/erc-19-0400

Sorbye, H., Meyer, L. S., Mordal, K. E., Myhre, S., & Thiis-Evensen, E. (2020). Patient reported symptoms, coping and quality of life during somatostatin analogue treatment for metastatic small- intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Health and quality of life outcomes, 18(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01452-7

Sorbye, H., Strosberg, J., Baudin, E., Klimstra, D. S., & Yao, J. C. (2014). Gastroenteropancreatic high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer, 120(18), 2814-2823. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28721

Sorbye, H., Welin, S., Langer, S. W., Vestermark, L. W., Holt, N., Osterlund, P., . . . Knigge, U. (2013). Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann Oncol, 24(1), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds276

Stridsberg, M., Eriksson, B., Oberg, K., & Janson, E. T. (2003). A comparison between three commercial kits for chromogranin A measurements. J Endocrinol, 177(2), 337-341.

Strosberg, J., El-Haddad, G., Wolin, E., Hendifar, A., Yao, J., Chasen, B., . . . Investigators, N.-T. (2017). Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors. N Engl J Med, 376(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607427

Strosberg, J. R., Coppola, D., Klimstra, D. S., Phan, A. T., Kulke, M. H., Wiseman, G. A., . . . North American Neuroendocrine Tumor, S. (2010). The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas, 39(6), 799-800. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb56f

Strosberg, J. R., Fine, R. L., Choi, J., Nasir, A., Coppola, D., Chen, D. T., . . . Kvols, L. (2011). First-line chemotherapy with capecitabine and temozolomide in patients with metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. Cancer, 117(2), 268-275. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25425

Tang, L. H., Untch, B. R., Reidy, D. L., O'Reilly, E., Dhall, D., Jih, L., . . . Klimstra, D. S. (2016). Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors with a Morphologically Apparent High-Grade Component: A Pathway Distinct from Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res, 22(4), 1011-1017. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0548

Thang, S. P., Lung, M. S., Kong, G., Hofman, M. S., Callahan, J., Michael, M., & Hicks, R. J. (2018). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) grade 3 (G3) neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN) - a single-institution retrospective analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 45(2), 262-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3821-2

Tierney, J. F., Poirier, J., Chivukula, S., Pappas, S. G., Hertl, M., Schadde, E., & Keutgen, X. (2019). Primary Tumor Site Affects Survival in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic and Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2019, 9871319. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9871319

TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. (2016). (8. utg.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Toumpanakis, C. G., & Caplin, M. E. (2008). Molecular genetics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Gastroenterol, 103(3), 729-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01777.x

Tropea, F., Baldari, S., Restifo, G., Fiorillo, M. T., Surace, P., & Herberg, A. (2006). Evaluation of chromogranin A expression in patients with non-neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Drug Investig, 26(12), 715-722.

Vijayvergia, N., Dasari, A., Deng, M., Litwin, S., Al-Toubah, T., Alpaugh, R. K., . . . Strosberg, J. R. (2020). Pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with previously treated metastatic high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms: joint analysis of two prospective, non-randomised trials. Br J Cancer, 122(9), 1309-1314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-0775-0

Waddell, N., Pajic, M., Patch, A. M., Chang, D. K., Kassahn, K. S., Bailey, P., . . . Grimmond, S. M. (2015). Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer. Nature, 518(7540), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14169

Welin, S., Sorbye, H., Sebjornsen, S., Knappskog, S., Busch, C., & Oberg, K. (2011). Clinical effect of temozolomide-based chemotherapy in poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma after progression on first-line chemotherapy. Cancer, 117(20), 4617-4622. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26124

Xie, J. W., Sun, Y. Q., Feng, C. Y., Zheng, C. H., Li, P., Wang, J. B., . . . Huang, C. M. (2016). Evaluation of clinicopathological factors related to the prognosis of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol, 42(10), 1464-1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.08.004

Yachida, S., Vakiani, E., White, C. M., Zhong, Y., Saunders, T., Morgan, R., . . . Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A. (2012). Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are genetically similar and distinct from well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg Pathol, 36(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182417d36

Yao, J. C., Fazio, N., Singh, S., Buzzoni, R., Carnaghi, C., Wolin, E., . . . Rad001 in Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumours, F. T. S. G. (2016). Everolimus for the treatment of advanced, non-functional neuroendocrine tumours of the lung or gastrointestinal tract (RADIANT-4): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet, 387(10022), 968-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00817-X

Yao, J. C., Hassan, M., Phan, A., Dagohoy, C., Leary, C., Mares, J. E., . . . Evans, D. B. (2008). One hundred years after "carcinoid": epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol, 26(18), 3063-3072. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.15.4377

Yao, J. C., Shah, M. H., Ito, T., Bohas, C. L., Wolin, E. M., Van Cutsem, E., . . . Rad001 in Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors, T. T. S. G. (2011). Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med, 364(6), 514-523. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009290

Siste faglige endring: 20. oktober 2020